Niels W. Gade
Symfoni nr. 1
Symphony No. 1
Sinfonie Nr. 1
Opus 5
NWGW 1
GW I:1
Composition: Copenhagen October 1841 to summer 1842.
In October 1841 Gade entered the discription of a symphony in C minor in his so-called "Composer's Diary" based on old Danish epics; however, he did not finish it until the following summer. In August or September he submitted it to Musikforeningen, hoping that they would perform it in their forthcoming concert. At a board meeting it was decided to leave the decision to the composers J.P.E. Hartmann, J.F. Frøhlich and the conductor of Musikforeningen, Franz Gläser. But then, C.E.F. Weyse died in October and it was decided to arrange a memorial concert in his honour, so there was no room for Gade's symphony on the programme. Therefore the secretary of Musikforeningen, Edvard Collin, immediately wrote to Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, asking whether it would be possible to have the symphony performed at a Gewandhaus Concert instead. They advised that Gade should send his score to the board of the Gewandhaus Concerts, which he apparently did, for in January 1843 he received a most eulogistic letter from Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy who had just held the first rehearsal. The first performance on 2 March was a triumph for Gade and the symphony soon gained fame all over Europe.
Key: C minor
Music
Sources
Sketch
2 pages; 35 x 26 cm.
Piano score, draft
8 pages; 34.5 x 29 cm.
Score, print, first edition
183 pages.
Pl. no.1432.
-
Gade's personal copy
DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 012, D150. -
Axel Gade's copy
Privately owned, Copenhagen.
Parts, print, first edition
24 parts.
Pl. no.1379.
-
Gade's personal copy
DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 013, D150.
Arrangement for piano four hands, print, first German edition
Arranger: F.L. Schubert
49 pages.
Pl. no.1399.
-
Gade's personal copy
DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 014 b, D32.
Arrangement for piano four hands, print, first Danish edition
Arranger: F.L. Schubert
49 pages.
Pl. no.3454.
-
Gade's personal copy
DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 014 a, D32.
Arrangement for two pianos eight hands, print
Arranger: C.T. Brunner
51 pages.
Pl. no.2634.
-
Gade's personal copy
DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 015, D60.
Arrangement for violin and piano, parts, print
43 pages (piano part); 15 pages (violin part).
Pl. no.3627.
Performances
2 Mar. 1843 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy). First performance. |
26 Oct. 1843 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
28 Nov. 1843 | Hofteatret, Copenhagen (Royal Danish Orchestra (Det Kongelige Kapel); conductor: Franz Glæser). First Danish performance. |
1844 | Kassel. |
14 Mar. 1844 | Düsseldorf. |
26 Nov. 1844 | Köln. |
19 Dec. 1844 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
May 1845 | Prag (Praha). |
21 May 1845 | Hofteatret, Copenhagen (Royal Danish Orchestra (Det Kongelige Kapel); conductor: Niels W. Gade). Reviews: 'Niels W. Gade'. Berlingske Politiske og Avertissements-Tidende, 121, 22 May 1845, p. 1. Theaterbladet, 22 May 1845, p. 514. |
27 Dec. 1845 | Hamburg. |
10 Jan. 1846 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
14 Jan. 1846 | Hofteatret, Copenhagen (Royal Danish Orchestra (Det Kongelige Kapel); conductor: Franz Glæser). |
21 Oct. 1846 | Berlin (Königliche Capelle). |
1846-47 season | Riga. |
24 Feb. 1848 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
2 Dec. 1848 | Assembly Rooms, Chinese Buildings, New York (New York Philharmonic Orchestra; conductor: George Loder). |
Feb. 1850 | Kneiphöfisches Junkerhaus, Königsberg (Kaliningrad) (Philharmonischer Verein; conductor: Friedrich Marpurg). |
7 Nov. 1850 | Dresden. |
23 Nov. 1850 | Apollo Rooms, New York (New York Philharmonic Orchestra; conductor: George Loder). |
27 Nov. 1851 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Julius Rietz). |
12 May 1853 | Casino, Copenhagen (Musikforeningens Orkester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
19 Oct. 1854 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Julius Rietz). |
18 Mar. 1855 | Theater, Neisse (conductor: Kapellmeister Putschmann). |
12 Jan. 1856 | Niblo's Garden, New York (New York Philharmonic Orchestra; conductor: Carl Bergmann). |
11 Mar. 1856 | Düsseldorf. |
16 Dec. 1856 | Leipzig (Euterpe). |
21 Nov. 1857 | Königl. Schauspielhaus, Berlin (Königliche Kapelle). Review: Neue Berliner Musikzeitung, 11/48, 25 Nov. 1857, p. 379. |
26 Mar. 1857 | Naumburg. |
30 Dec. 1857 | Magdeburg. |
1857-58 season | Neisse. |
14 Nov. 1858 | Redoutensaal, Wien (Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde; conductor: Josef Hellmesberger). |
Dec. 1858 | Casino, Magdeburg (conductor: Julius Mühling). |
26 Jan. 1860 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Julius Rietz). |
8 Mar. 1860 | Den Haag. |
5 Feb. 1861 | Chemnitz. |
10 Apr. 1861 | Casino, Copenhagen (Musikforeningens Orkester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
17 Apr. 1861 | Altenburg. |
14 Nov. 1861 | Düsseldorf. |
1861-62 season | Oldenburg. |
8 Feb. 1862 | Barmen. |
20 Dec. 1862 | Irving Hall, New York (New York Philharmonic Orchestra; conductor: Theodore Eisfeld). |
Dec. 1862 | Berlin (Königliche Kapelle). |
7 June 1863 | Loh-Konzert, Sondershausen (Loh-Orchester; conductor: Eduard Stein). |
17 Nov. 1863 | Göttingen. |
March 1864 | Museums-Concert, Frankfurt am Main. |
June 1864 | Loh-Konzert, Sondershausen (Loh-Orchester; conductor: Eduard Stein). |
27 Nov. 1864 | Amsterdam. |
12 Jan. 1865 | Düsseldorf. |
Autumn 1865 | München. |
Autumn 1865 | Chemnitz. |
1865-66 season | Münster. |
28 Jan. 1866 | St. Petersburg. |
March 1866 | Gürzenich, Köln (Gürzenich-Orchester; conductor: Ferdinand Hiller). |
10 Mar. 1866 | New York (Brooklyn Philharmonic Society). |
1866-67 season | Glauchau. |
1866-67 season | Lübeck. |
10 Jan. 1867 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Carl Reinecke). |
Feb. 1867 | Meiningen. |
Feb. 1867 | Harvard Musical Association, Boston, MA. |
5 Feb. 1867 | Kassel. |
March 1867 | Crystal Palace, London. |
June 1867 | Loh-Konzert, Sondershausen (Loh-Orchester; conductor: Adolph Blassmann). |
5 Nov. 1867 | Jena. |
23 Nov. 1867 | Rostock. |
12 Jan. 1868 | Basel. |
28 Feb. 1868 | Eisenach. |
March 1868 | Logenhaus, Magdeburg. |
Nov. 1868 | Mannheim. |
26 Nov. 1868 | Magdeburg. |
1868-69 season | Moskvá. |
1868-69 season | Zwickau. |
2 Mar. 1869 | Deventer. |
1869-70 season | Halberstadt. |
18 Jan. 1870 | Bremen. |
22 Feb. 1870 | Breslau (Wrocław). |
14 Apr. 1870 | Berlin (Königliche Kapelle). |
21 Nov. 1870 | Darmstadt (Grossherzogliche Hofmusik). |
25 Nov. 1870 | Felix Meritis, Rotterdam. |
3 Mar. 1871 | Hamburg (Philharmonische Gesellschaft). |
21 Apr. 1871 | Meiningen. |
May 1871 | Köln. |
18 Nov. 1871 | Barmen. |
18 Nov. 1871 | Karlsruhe. |
5 Dec. 1871 | Braunschweig. |
7 Dec. 1871 | Euroditio Musica, Rotterdam. |
10 Dec. 1871 | Basel. |
1871-72 season | Halberstadt. |
Jan. 1872 | Barmen. |
16 Jan. 1872 | Leipzig (conductor: F. Büchner). |
26 Feb. 1872 | Halle. |
12 Mar. 1872 | Zürich. |
12 Sept. 1872 | Loh-Konzert, Sondershausen (Loh-Orchester; conductor: Max Erdmannsdörfer). |
3 Oct. 1872 | Philharmonische Gesellschaft, Potsdam. |
21 Dec. 1872 | Baltimore (conductor: Asger Hamerik). |
22 Mar. 1873 | Mainz. |
Apr. 1873 | Strasbourg. |
20 Apr. 1873 | Peabody Institute, Baltimore (conductor: Asger Hamerik). |
5 Nov. 1873 | Magdeburg. |
16 Nov. 1873 | Basel. |
20 Nov. 1873 | Amsterdam (Maatschappy tot Bevordering der Toonkunst; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
18 Dec. 1873 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Carl Reinecke). |
1873-74 season | Bradford. |
30 Nov. 1874 | Frankfurt am Main. |
1874-75 season | Münster. |
June 1875 | Köln. |
20 Dec. 1875 | Rostock. |
8 Jan. 1876 | Baltimore (conductor: Asger Hamerik). |
7 Mar. 1876 | Bremen. |
1876-77 season | Königsberg (Kaliningrad). |
6 Feb. 1877 | Mühlhausen. |
27 Feb. 1877 | Crimmitschau. |
8 Nov. 1877 | Reichenbach. |
2 Jan. 1878 | Berlin (Königliche Kapelle). |
8 Jan. 1878 | Bremen. |
Feb. 1878 | Auerbach. |
2 Feb. 1878 | Barmen. |
9 Apr. 1878 | Casino, Copenhagen (Musikforeningens Orkester; conductor: Niels W. Gade). |
June 1878 | Maryland Festival, Baltimore (conductor: Asger Hamerik). |
1878-79 season | Hamburg. |
15 Feb. 1879 | New York (Brooklyn Philharmonic Society). |
11 Mar. 1879 | Euterpe, Leipzig (conductor: Wilhelm Treiber). |
6 Dec. 1879 | Danzig (Gdansk) (Philharmonische Gesellschaft). |
26 Dec. 1879 | Aschersleben. |
29 Dec. 1879 | Bonn. |
1879-80 season | Hof. |
24 Jan. 1880 | Magdeburg. |
10 Mar. 1880 | Magdeburg. |
24 Apr. 1880 | Peabody Concert, Baltimore (conductor: Asger Hamerik). |
1880-81 season | Bernburg. |
10 Jan. 1881 | Heidelberg. |
18 Jan. 1881 | Speier. |
19 Oct. 1881 | Görlitz. |
1881-82 season | Frankfurt am Main. |
4 Mar. 1882 | Magdeburg. |
6 Feb. 1883 | Hof. |
17 Jan. 1884 | Manchester (Hallé Orchestra; conductor: Charles Hallé). |
6 Feb. 1884 | Rostock. |
10 Feb. 1884 | Lüneburg. |
5 Mar. 1884 | Magdeburg. |
6 Nov. 1884 | Erfurt. |
Dec. 1885 | Strasbourg. |
9 Jan. 1886 | Magdeburg. |
4 July 1886 | Loh-Konzert, Sondershausen (Loh-Orchester; conductor: Adolf Schulze). |
24 Oct. 1886 | Güstrow. |
14 Jan. 1887 | Boston Music Hall, Boston, MA (Boston Symphony Orchestra; conductor: Wilhelm Gericke). Concert repeated the following day. |
17 Feb. 1887 | Gewandhaus, Leipzig (Gewandhausorchester; conductor: Carl Reinecke). Concert celebrating Gade's 70th birthday. |
26 Mar. 1887 | Baltimore. |
16 Mar. 1889 | Zittau (conductor: Musikdirector Fischer). |
27 Nov. 1889 | Erfurt. |
10 Jan. 1890 | Boston Music Hall, Boston, MA (Boston Symphony Orchetra; conductor: Arthur Nikisch). Concert repeated the following day. |
Documents
Letters:
13 Jan. 1843, Leipzig | from Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 373. (Briefe aus den Jahren 1833 bis 1847 von Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, pp. 369-370; Dagmar Gade, pp. 27-28; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 25) |
28 Jan. 1843, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy,
GB-ObBodleian Library,
Oxford
. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 29-30; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 26) Letter written in J.P.E. Hartmann's hand but signed by Gade.
|
30 Jan. 1843, Copenhagen | from Den Musikalske Forening to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio I.2. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 27) |
27 Feb. 1843, Leipzig | from Breitkopf & Härtel to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 36. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 28) |
3 Mar. 1843, Leipzig | from Fr. Kistner to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 309. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 29) |
3 Mar. 1843, Leipzig | from Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 374. (Briefe aus den Jahren 1833 bis 1847 von Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, pp. 374-376; Dagmar Gade (erroneously dated 2.3), pp. 374-376; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 30) |
18 Mar. 1843, Leipzig | from Fr. Kistner to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 310. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 31) |
23 Mar. 1843, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Fr. Kistner, DK-KmMusikmuseet, Frederiksberg . (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 32) |
26 Sept. 1843, Berlin | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 39-41; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 37) |
3 Oct. 1843, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 44-47; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 39) |
6 Oct. 1843, Copenhagen | from Edvard Collin to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 143. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 40) |
21 Oct. 1843, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Edvard Collin, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Collinske Brevsamling XXIX no. 315. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 42) |
27 Oct. 1843, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio B no. 7. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 51-53; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 43) |
28 Nov. 1843, Copenhagen | from Frederik Høedt to Niels W. Gade (Dagmar Gade, pp. 57-59; Charles Kjerulf, pp. 108-109; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 48) Location of the original letter unknown.
|
30 Nov. 1843, Copenhagen | from Eduard Helsted to Niels W. Gade (Dagmar Gade, pp. 59-65; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 49) Location of the original letter unknown.
|
1 Dec. 1843, Copenhagen | from Søren Nielsen Gade to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 174. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 65-67; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 50) |
1 Dec. 1843, Copenhagen | from Emil Erslev to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 174. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 51) |
6 Dec. 1843, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to C.C. Lose, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Abr. H. 45 4º. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 52) |
21 Dec. 1844, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 97-100; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 84) |
15 Jan. 1845, Halle | from Robert Franz to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 170. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 88) |
4 Feb. 1845, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Ernst Weis, DK-KmMusikmuseet, Frederiksberg . (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 90) |
16 Feb. 1846, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade (abridged), pp. 107-108; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 108) |
27 Nov. 1846, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade (abridged), pp. 114-115; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 117) |
28 Feb. 1848, Leipzig | from Niels W. Gade to Søren Nielsen Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 132-135; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 155) |
16 Aug. 1851, Berlin | from Wilhelm Taubert to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 512. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 204) |
7 Oct. 1858, Wien | from Selmar Bagge to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 22. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 304) |
31 July 1862, Leipzig | from Fr. Kistner (Carl Gurckhaus) to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København C II, 6 Gades Samling 015, D60. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 406) |
3 Mar. 1866, Amsterdam | from Hans Christian Andersen to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 12. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 467) |
17 May 1871, [Köln] | from Ferdinand Hiller to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 252. (Aus Ferdinand Hillers Briefwechsel, vol. 6, p. 157; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 576) |
Sept. 1873, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Herman Molkenboer, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 2626 2º. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 654) |
24 Sept. 1873, Amsterdam | from Gustav Adolf Heinze to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 220. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 655) |
2 Oct. 1873, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Herman Molkenboer, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 2626 2º. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 660) |
2 Oct. 1873, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Gustav Adolf Heinze,
NL-DHkKoninklijke Bibliotheek, Nationale Bibliotheek van Nederland,
Den Haag
. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 661) Concept in DK-Kk, NKS 2626 2º.
|
8 Oct. 1873, Amsterdam | from Herman Molkenboer to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 2626 2º. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 668) |
16 Nov. 1873, Amsterdam | from Niels W. Gade to Mathilde Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade (abridged), pp. 190-191; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 692) |
17 Nov. 1873, Amsterdam | from Niels W. Gade to Mathilde Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade (abridged), pp. 191-193; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 693) |
20 Nov. 1873, Amsterdam | from Niels W. Gade to Mathilde Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Dagmar Gade, pp. 193-196; Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 696) |
11 Apr. 1878, Copenhagen | from Johanne Luise Heiberg to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 218. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 907) |
7 May 1878, Copenhagen | from Niels W. Gade to Felix Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København Acc. 2007/1. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 910) |
6 Aug. 1888, Leipzig | from Fr. Kistner to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio A no. 338. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 1372) |
2 Jan. 1889, Berlin | from Carl Philipsen to Niels W. Gade, DK-KkDet Kongelige Bibliotek, København NKS 1716 fol.folio I.2. (Niels W. Gade og hans europæiske kreds no. 1383) |
Bibliography
Siegfried Oechsle: Symphonik nach Beethoven (= Kieler Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft, vol. xl). Kassel 1992, pp. 53-130.
Anna Harwell Celenza: The Early Works of Niels W. Gade. Aldershot 2001, pp. 153-176.
Inger Sørensen: Niels W. Gade - et dansk verdensnavn. Copenhagen 2002, pp. 51-68, 76, 78-85, 88, 92, 105, 107f., 111, 113, 128, 136, 157, 162, 166, 213, 217, 220, 238, 291, 327f., 338, 341-44, 356, 367, 371f..
A. Peter Brown: The European Sympnony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Germany and Nordic Countries (= The Symphonic Repertoire, vol. 3:A). Bloomington, Indiana 2007, pp. 416-499.
Michael Matter: Niels W. Gade und der "nordische Ton". Kassel 2015, pp. 99-105.
Last changed 2022-12-02 by MerMEId